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KEEYASK HERITAGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL GUIDEBOOK

Laurel culture a town in northern Minnesota gives its name Paleo-period the beginning of the North American cultural test pit see shovel test pit.
to this Middle Woodland Culture. Triangular points record, which lasts from first settlement to about 10,000 whetstone a sharpening stone.
and cone shaped, and usually elaborately decorated years ago.
pottery are common of this phase that occurred scraper a stone tool artifact that comes in many shapes and Woodland period a cultural period recognized in areas
approximately 1,000-2,200 years ago. Laurel sites are sizes and was used to remove the fat from the underside south of the Subarctic and east of the Rockies in which
distributed in a broad arc from east-central Saskatchewan of a hide or to smooth wood. agriculture, settled villages, pottery, and burial mounds
through central Manitoba to northern Minnesota and usually were found; usually follows the Archaic period
northwestern Ontario, and eastwards around the shores Selkirk culture an archaeological Woodland culture of and begins ca. 2,000-3,000 years ago. The Woodland
of Lake Superior to northern Michigan. Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan from about 1,000 Period is subdivided into two phases, Middle Woodland
lithic stone year ago to the Historic period; the people were boreal (e.g. Laurel) culture ca. 1,000-2,500 years ago and Late
Woodland (e.g. Blackduck, Selkirk) Cultures ca. 1,000
hunters and fishers, apparently ancestral to the Cree.
lithic workshop as indicated by a concentration of flakes sherd a fragment of pottery years ago to European contact.
and perhaps discarded broken lithic tools.
material culture objects made, modified, or used by shovel test pit (STP) a small pit excavation into areas in Many glossary terms and definitions provided
which the surface is obscured by vegetation or when
above are drawn from:
humans. cultural materials are believed to lie buried in sediments;
Multi-component sites that contain artifacts and features used to find sites or establish the extent of buried • NLHS 2009 Keeyask Heritage Handbook
spanning Pre-European Contact and Historic times. deposits. • Parks Canada Glossary https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/
Northern Plano Between 6,500-8,000 years ago the general side scraper a tool with a steep working edge on one side, arch/page2/doc2
warming trend began to affect Northern Manitoba. The usually made by unifacial retouch or flaking of part or all • Dobson, Michael, Projectile Points of Southern Manitoba,
glaciers retreated and Lake Agassiz contracted. Spruce of the edge of a flake or core. Winnipeg, Manitoba 1994.
forests expanded over the landscape advancing the tree site type a site that is the first or the best example • Neusius Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross, Seeking Our Past:
line to at least 300 km beyond its present-day location. of a cultural phase or tradition; reference to the An Introduction to North American Archaeology, Oxford
Big game animals, particularly the caribou, migrated to characteristics of the type site helps define the cultural University Press, Oct 2006.
take advantage of the new food sources and Indigenous historical unit. • A Guide to Completing the Archaeological Site Inventory
hunters using Plano tools followed. Form, HRB, Winnipeg, Manitoba 1989.
Oxbow name given to large side-notched concaved based spokeshave a scraper with a pronounced concave working • A Glossary of Manitoba Prehistoric Archaeology
edge used for scraping arrow or spear shafts or bows, etc.
projectile points. These artifacts are found across Archaic http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/
sites across the grasslands and into northern Manitoba surface collection the recovery of artifacts from the ground manarchnet/appendices/glossary.html
and date approximately 3,300-5,300 years ago. surface
pedestrian survey also called surface survey, involves Taltheilei Culture As early as 2,500 years ago, caribou • Cultural Affiliations timeline (page ii) – Flett, Amber C. Z.
2016 Examining Mâhihk (Clark Lake, MB) as a Regional
walking the surface of an archaeological site or large hunters from the western Subarctic region started to Centre: A Study of a Northern Boreal Forest In-Gathering
region. move eastward towards northern transition forest and Area (page 10).
Pelican Lake name given to sharp corner-notch projectile tundra zone of northern Manitoba. The Taltheilei people
are considered the ancestors of the contemporary Dene
points named after a lake in southern Saskatchewan. and are usually referred to as proto-Athapaskan, who
These Archaic points have been found in association are linguistically and culturally distinct from the Cree,
with bison jumps and bison pounds across the Canadian Ojibwe, and other Algonkian people of the Boreal Forest.
grassland regions and surrounding forest areas and date The Taltheilei cultural spanned approximately 1,000-
back to approximately 1,500-3,200 years ago. 2,500 years ago.

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